Peru August 2007

Our tour began in the ancient Inca capital of Cusco, one of the highest altitude cities in the world, at 3200m. We began with a trip to Huacarpay lakes, an area of marshland set among otherwise very arid grasslands. Butterfly diversity at such a high altitude was expected to be low but we saw many interesting species including the tiny Nabokov’s Lycid Nabokovia cuzquenha, Gulf Fritillary Agraulis vanillae, and several skippers including the Cusco Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus bocchoris cuzcona.

The following morning, we had a pre-dawn departure by minibus for our epic 280 km journey across the Andes. For several hours, we climbed the tortuous zigzag route up the western slopes, amidst a barren rocky landscape, with precipitous drops at the side of the fragile single track road. Eventually, we emerged onto the high altitude puna grasslands – a silent and serene area bathed in warm sunshine. Here, above the clouds at an altitude of over 4000m, it was hardly surprising that butterflies were very scarce, but in fields close to a small village, we found dozens of Puna Clouded Yellows Colias euxanthe, and several Peruvian Puna Skippers Hylephila peruana.

Hylephila peruana, puna grasslands, 3500m © Adrian Hoskins

In the early afternoon, we began our descent from the puna, and by mid-afternoon, we entered Manu Biosphere Reserve at Tres Cruces, at which point the scenery changed dramatically, with stunted cloud forest stretching across the peaks to the horizon.

Within a few minutes, we had our first really exciting find – a group of 4 Ornate Juneas Junea doraete, one of the prettiest Satyrines in the neotropics. Equally exciting was a huge skipper Metardaris cosinga, marked in black and yellow, and with a furry red abdomen.

As our descent continued, we made many roadside stops – unfortunately, these were usually of fairly short duration as we had to arrive at our accommodation before dusk. Amongst species seen along the roadside were the Andean Painted Lady Vanessa altissima, the pretty Pierines Hesperocharis nereina and H. marchallii, and numerous high altitude Satyrines including the strange metallic silver Punargentus lamna, plus Lymanopoda translucida, Druphila venerata, and the stunning tailed Striped Falcon Corades ulema.

Wayqecha – stunted high altitude cloudforest, puna grasslands on distant horizon © Adrian Hoskins

After a night at Wayqecha, a frosty morning soon gave way to warm sunshine and clear views across the stunning Andean panorama of cloud forest-covered mountains. More roadside stops produced further high altitude Satyrines including the beautiful white-banded Oressinoma typhla, and Nymphalids including Hypanartia kefersteini and Orophila diotima.

We also saw our first Heliconiines of the trip, Heliconius erato – a species which produces many different geographical color forms, the local form being chocolate brown with cream spots on the forewings and radiating red lines on the hindwings.

Looking south-west across the Andes from San Pedro, August 2007 © Adrian Hoskins

For the next 2 days, we stayed at Manu Paradise Lodge, at 1400m. From there, we visited a nearby Cock-of-the-Rock lek where we saw stunning displays by a dozen of these magnificent red birds. On the forest trails and along Manu road, many interesting butterflies were seen including several Perisama species, Adelpha alala, Rhetus dysonii, and our first Caligo Owl butterflies.

Every night, hundreds of moths gathered at the lights at the lodge – micros, hawkmoths, silkmoths, emeralds, prominents, and amazing wasp-mimicking Arctiids.

Our next destination was Pantiacolla Lodge, at 550m on the Rio Madre de Dios. En route, we stopped at a shingle bank where hundreds of the pretty brown, orange, and white Adelpha jordani were swarming, along with smaller numbers of several other species. As we journeyed along the river, an almost constant stream of Pierids and Swordtails passed us, all migrating in the opposite direction.

Cloudy and cool conditions during our 2 days at Pantiacolla limited butterfly sightings somewhat, but we saw about 60 species including Morpho helenor, the pretty Green-shouldered Skipper Gorgopas trochilus, lots of Satyrines, many Harmonia Tigers Tithorea harmonia, and a stunning blue Riodinid – not illustrated in any published work, but kindly identified as Xenandra poliotactis by neotropical Riodinid experts Curtis Callaghan and Jason Hall.

Xenandra poliotactis © Adrian Hoskins

On one of the Pantiacolla trails, I had a slightly alarming experience when a large group of White-lipped Peccaries emerged a few meters ahead of me, snorting, grunting, and clicking their teeth. I had been told, however, that the animals have poor eyesight, so I froze on the spot and remained totally silent. After a while, they wandered, still snorting loudly, back into the forest.

Other wildlife included Red Howler Monkey, Black Spider Monkey, Andean Coati, Tamarin, and Southern Amazon Red Squirrel.

Callicore cynosura, known as the “BD” butterfly, seen at Pantiacolla and Oropendola lodges.

A 3-hour boat journey took us to our final destination, Oropendola Lodge, at an altitude of 200m. Here we spent 5 days birding and butterfly-watching along the numerous trails, and photographing the myriads of butterflies which assembled to imbibe moisture from the sandbanks of the river. Here we saw dozens of the glorious Red Flasher Panacea prola.

These butterflies, marked on the upperside with a beautiful metallic blue pattern, assemble in large groups to bask on the shore. When one individual detects a threat from an approaching bird or human, it responds by fanning its wings to display the bright red underside.

This acts as a signal to warn its brethren, who also start fanning their wings, so that the whole group quickly becomes alerted to the danger and is ready to fly up into the trees to escape.

Panacea prola, the underside wings are bright red © Adrian Hoskins

On a day trip from our base, we visited an ox-bow lake. Most of the group elected to go out on a raft with the aim of birding and spotting river otters. They had a very successful and enjoyable trip, but I preferred to explore the trails in the nearby forest for butterflies.

I saw several Ithomiine Glasswings and observed one incident in which one of these butterflies settled clumsily on a nearby leaf, on which it walked about in a disoriented manner. A patch of rainwater had collected near the edge of the leaf, and the butterfly walked to its edge, bent forward, and dipped its left antenna into the water. It then used its right foreleg to “comb” the antenna, cleaning it of debris.

Afterwards, it turned to face the opposite direction, dipped its right antenna into the water, and drew the antenna through its left foreleg. The very deliberate way in which this preening took place was fascinating to watch. After cleaning its antennae, the butterfly instantly became more alert and regained control, clearly demonstrating to me the fact that the antennae are vital for maintaining balance and orientation.

Philaethria dido imbibing dissolved minerals from damp sand © Adrian Hoskins

Having feasted our eyes on the hordes of other butterfly species at Oropendola Lodge, such as the stunning purple Rhetus periander, the beautiful translucent green Philaethria dido, and having been captivated by the calls of the Screaming Piha, the gurgling songs of various Oropendola species, and the humbling feeling that comes from standing silently amidst a rainforest seething with wildlife, we sadly had to depart for our 7-hour journey by motorized longboat to Labarinta, from where we were to be transported to Puerto Maldonado.

Rhetus dysonii, male, Manu cloudforest, 1500m © Adrian Hoskins

The journey began at dawn, and about half an hour later, in misty conditions, we had a distant sighting of a Brazilian Tapir, which emerged from a patch of bamboo forest and strolled along a sandbank. We made a couple of stops at other sandbanks along the route (where butterflies were largely absent except for a sighting of the brilliant metallic green Caria mantinea) and later had an interesting incident when the boat became grounded for a while in the middle of the 400-meter wide river. A lot of organized boat rocking finally got us clear.

During the afternoon, temperatures soared and a storm brewed. In the distance, the sky became black, and as rainfall hit the distant sandbanks, a swirling cloud of dust and steam erupted and swept rapidly downstream towards us.

Our boatmen, who had until this time been excellent, unfortunately decided to try to outrun the storm rather than pull over to sit it out on the shore. Moments later, a crack of lightning was followed by an instant and violent clap of thunder, and a massive gust of wind grabbed our boat, ripping off the roof.

Torrential rain, lashing winds, and a very choppy river had most of us fearing the boat would capsize, but luckily the storm subsided after a few minutes and we were able to limp on to the port at Labarinta, from where we were transported by minibus to Puerto Maldonado.

We spent the night in a hotel at Puerto Maldonado, and in the morning awoke to find the weather overcast and very cool. We had a couple of hours to spare before our scheduled departure for Lima, and used it to explore a patch of relict forest just outside the city. We only saw one butterfly, but it was a rather special one – the tiny long-tailed Riodinid Syrmatia lamia – a fitting finale to end one of the most interesting and productive neotropical trips in which I have participated.

Species List

Species listed below were identified from photographs by Adrian Hoskins. Papilionoidea were identified using the various d’Abrera volumes for reference. Hesperioidea were identified using Lewis, Seitz, Garwood, and Lehman, as well as various internet resources. Nomenclature of all species follows Lamas. A total of 322 species have been positively identified as of March 14, 2008.

Species new to science:

In addition to the species listed in the table below, 2 undescribed species were photographed. Adrian Hoskins is indebted to Gerardo Lamas for his help in determining their status.

Species 1 – “….might be a new species of Taygetis related to leuctra”
Species 2 – “….a new species of Cepheuptychia” ref:101/1230 (Lamas)

Site	Family	subfamily	Genus	species
Manu cloudforest 2200m	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Abananote	erinome
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Achlyodes	busirus
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Achlyodes	mithridates
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Actinote	dicaeus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Adelotypa	borsippa
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	alala
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	cytherea
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	erotia
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	irmina
Madre de Dios, 300m	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	jordani
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	jordani
Manu cloudforest 1600m	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	justina
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	lycorias
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	malea
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	mesentina
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	mesentina
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	plesaure
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	thesprotia
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Limenitidinae	Adelpha	thessalia
Huacarpay	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Agraulis	vanillae
Manu cloudforest 2200m	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Altinote	negra
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Amarynthis	meneria
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Amphidecta	calliomma
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Amphidecta	pignerator
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Amphidecta	reynoldsi
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Anastrus	neaeris
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Anastrus	neaeris
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Ancyluris	aulestes
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Ancyluris	meliboeus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Anteos	menippe
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Anteos	menippe
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Anthoptus	epictetus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Antigonus	decens
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Antigonus	nearchus
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Antirrhea	phasiana
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Antirrhea	taygetina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Pierinae	Aphrissa	statira
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Pieridae	Pierinae	Aphrissa	statira
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Arawacus	separata
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Arawacus	separata
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Arcas	imperialis
Manu cloudforest 2200m	Pieridae	Pierinae	Archonias	brassolis
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Asterope	markii
Huacarpay	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Atalopedes	nr campestris
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Autochton	zarex
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Baeotus	aeilus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Baeotus	deucalion
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Battus	belus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Bia	actorion
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Bia	actorion
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Bolla	atahuallpai
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Bolla	cupreiceps
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Brevioleria	aelia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Caeruleuptychia	brixius
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Caeruleuptychia	caerulea
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Caeruleuptychia	lobelia
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Caeruleuptychia	tenera
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Caligo	eurilochus
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Caligo	idomeneus
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Caligo	oileus
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Callicore	astarte
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Callicore	cynosura
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Callicore	cynosura
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Callicore	hystaspes
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Callithomia	lenea
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Calospila	emylius
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Calycopis	atnius
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Calycopis	centoripa
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Calycopis	malta
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Calycopis	pisis
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Camptopleura	theramenes
Madre de Dios, 200m	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Caria	mantinea
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Caria	trochilus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Carystus	nr marpesia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Carrhenes	bamba
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Castilia	angusta
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Castilia	angusta
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Castilia	ofella
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Catacore	kolyma
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Catoblepia	berecynthia
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Catoblepia	berecynthia
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Catoblepia	berecynthia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Catonephele	acontius
Manu cloudforest 1700m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Catonephele	salambria
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Celmia	celmus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Cepheuptychia	sp. nov ( Lamas )
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Chalodetta	theodora
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Charis	anius
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Chloreuptychia	herseis
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Chloreuptychia	marica
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Cissia	myncea
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Cithaerias	phantoma
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Cithaerias	pireta
Manu cloudforest 2900m	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Colias	euxanthe
Manu puna 3500m	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Colias	euxanthe
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Colobura	dirce
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Charaxinae	Consul	fabius
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Corades	cistene
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Corades	medeba
Manu cloudforest 2800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Corades	medeba
Manu cloudforest 2400m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Corades	ulema
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Corderopedaliodes	pandates
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Crocozona	coecias
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Pierinae	Cunizza	hirlanda
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Hesperiidae	Heteropterinae	Dalla	cypselus
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Hesperiidae	Heteropterinae	Dalla	frater
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Hesperiidae	Heteropterinae	Dalla	nr ibhara
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Hesperiidae	Heteropterinae	Dalla	oxaites
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Diaethria	clymena
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Diaethria	clymena
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Diaethria	clymena
Manu cloudforest 2900m	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Dione	moneta
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Pieridae	Dismorphiinae	Dismorphia	laja
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Apaturinae	Doxocopa	lavinia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Apaturinae	Doxocopa	lavinia
Manu cloudforest 2400m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Druphila	venerata
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Dryas	iulia
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Dryas	iulia
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Dryas	iulia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Dynamine	gisella
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Ebrietas	anacreon
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Echydna	punctata
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Echydna	punctata
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Ectima	iona
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Emesis	lucinda
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Pieridae	Dismorphiinae	Enantia	lina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Dismorphiinae	Enantia	melete
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Enos	falerina
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Epiphile	lampethusa
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Eresia	eunice
Manu cloudforest 2800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Eretris	calisto
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Eueides	aliphera
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Eueides	heliconioides
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Eueides	heliconioides
Manu cloudforest 2000m	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Eueides	heliconioides
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Eunica	alpais
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Eunica	clytia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Eunica	marsolia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Eunica	sophonisba
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Eunica	tatila
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Euptychia	ocirrhoe
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Euptychia	ocirrhoe
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Euptychia	westwoodi
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Eurema	albula
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Eurema	albula
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Eurema	paulina
Manu cloudforest 1600m	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Eurema	salome
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Eurema	xantochlora
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Eurybia	albiseriata
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Eurybia	molochina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Eurytides	dolicaon
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	clithra
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	euriteus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	gelanor
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	hygenius
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	melaphaea
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	orfita
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	teleclus
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	toppini
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Euselasia	zena
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Charaxinae	Fountainea	ryphea
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Pieridae	Pierinae	Ganyra	phaloe
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Pierinae	Glutophrissa	drusilla
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Godyris	zavaleta
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Gorgopas	trochilus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Haetera	piera
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Heliconius	melpomene
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Heliconius	numata
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Heliconius	sara
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Heliconius	sara
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Heliconius	wallacei
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Heraclides	anchisiades
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Heraclides	thoas
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Heraclides	torquatus
Manu cloudforest 1700m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Hermeuptychia	cucullina
Manu cloudforest 2000m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Hermeuptychia	cucullina
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Pieridae	Pierinae	Hesperocharis	marchalii
Manu cloudforest 2000m	Pieridae	Pierinae	Hesperocharis	nereina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Historis	odius
Huacarpay	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Hylephila	fasciolata
Manu cloudforest 2900m	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Hylephila	peruana
Manu puna 3500m	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Hylephila	peruana
Huacarpay	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Hylephila	phyleus
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Hypanartia	dione
Manu cloudforest 2800m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Hypanartia	kefersteini
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Hypanartia	lethe
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Hypanartia	lethe
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Hypoleria	lavinia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Hypothyris	cantobrica
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Pierinae	Itaballia	demophile
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Pieridae	Pierinae	Itaballia	pandosia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Ithomia	agnosia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Ithomia	salapia
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Ithomiola	floralis
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Janthecla	cydonia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Janthecla	sista
Manu cloudforest 3370m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Junea	doraete
Manu cloudforest 2900m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Junonia	vestina
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Laothus	gibberosa
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Laothus	gibberosa
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Laparus	doris
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Lasaia	agesilas
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Lasaia	arsis
Manu cloudforest 2400m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Lasiophila	orbifera
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Pieridae	Dismorphiinae	Lieinix	nemesis
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Danainae	Lycorea	halia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Danainae	Lycorea	pasinuntia
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Lymanopoda	albomaculata
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Lymanopoda	apulia
Manu cloudforest 2800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Lymanopoda	eubagioides
Manu cloudforest 2800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Lymanopoda	obsoleta
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Lymanopoda	panacea
Manu cloudforest 2800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Lymanopoda	translucida
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Lyropteryx	apollonia
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Magneuptychia	pallema
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Magneuptychia	analis
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Magneuptychia	analis
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Magneuptychia	ocnus
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Manerebia	rubescens
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Manerebia	satura
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Marela	tamyris
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Marpesia	berania
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Marpesia	chiron
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Marpesia	chiron
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Marpesia	crethon
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Marpesia	crethon
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Marpesia	furcula
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Marpesia	petreus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Marpesia	themistocles
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Melanis	cinaron
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Melinaea	menophilus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Pierinae	Melete	lycimnia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Charaxinae	Memphis	praxias
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Mesene	sp unknown
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Mesosemia	judicialis
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Mesosemia	loruhama
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Mesosemia	sirenia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Mesosemia	steli
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Metamorpha	elissa
Manu cloudforest 3200m	Hesperiidae		Metardaris	cosinga
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Methona	confusa
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Methona	confusa
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Euselasiinae	Methone	cecilia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Mimoides	pausanias
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Mimoides	xeniades
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Morpho	achilles
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Morpho	helenor
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Mylon	maimon
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Mylon	maimon
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Myrinia	myris
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Myscelia	capenas
Huacarpay	Lycaenidae	Lycaeninae	Nabokovia	cuzquenha
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae		Napeocles	jucunda
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Napeogenes	harbona
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Napeogenes	pharo
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Neruda	aoede
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Nessaea	batesii
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Nessaea	obrinus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Nisoniades	castilus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Notheme	erota
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Nymphidium	caricae
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Nymphidium	leucosia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Nymphidium	olinda
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Oleria	assimilis
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Oleria	onega
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Oleria	quintina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Opoptera	aorsa
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Opoptera	aorsa
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Morphinae	Opsiphanes	quiteria
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Oressinoma	typhla
Manu cloudforest 2000m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Oressinoma	typhla
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Orophila	diotima
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Ortilia	gentina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Panacea	prola
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Panacea	prola
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Parcella	amarynthina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Parides	sesostris
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pedaliodes	pausia
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pedaliodes	perisades
Manu cloudforest 2200m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pedaliodes	phrasicla
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pedaliodes	phthiotis
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Perisama	cabirnia
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Perisama	calamis
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Perisama	comnena
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Perisama	humboldtii
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Perisama	philinus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Pierinae	Perrhybris	pamela
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Phareas	coeleste
Manu cloudforest 1900m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pherepedaliodes	pheretiades
Madre de Dios, Boca Manu	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Philaethria	dido
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Heliconiinae	Philaethria	dido
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Phocides	thermus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Phoebis	agarithe
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Pieridae	Coliadinae	Phoebis	sennae
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pierella	hortona
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pierella	hortona
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pierella	hyceta
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pierella	lamia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pierella	lena
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pierella	lena
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Pieridae	Pierinae	Pieriballia	viardi
Huacarpay	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Polites	vibex
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Polyctor	tensa
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Polythrix	octomaculata
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Posttaygetis	penelea
Manu cloudforest 2200m	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Potamanaxas	laoma
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pronophila	cordillera
Manu cloudforest 2000m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pronophila	epidipnis
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pronophila	thelebe
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Proteides	mercurius
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Protesilaus	glaucolaus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Protesilaus	molops
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Protesilaus	telesilaus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Protographium	agesilaus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Papilionidae	Papilioninae	Protographium	thyastes
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Pseudodebis	valentina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Pseudoscada	timna
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Pteronymia	sao
Manu cloudforest 3200m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Punargentus	lamna
Huacarpay	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Pyrgus	bocchoris
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Pyrgus	oileus
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Pyrgus	oileus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Pyrrhogyra	crameri
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Pyrrhogyra	edocla
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrrhopyginae	Pyrrhopyge	phidias
Manu cloudforest 1700m	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Pythonides	lerina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Rhetus	arcius
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Rhetus	dysonii
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Rhetus	periander
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Rhetus	periander
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Saliana	morsa
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Saliana	morsa
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Semomesia	croesus
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Semomesia	croesus
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Siproeta	epaphus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Siproeta	stelenes
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Siseme	alectryo
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Sostrata	festiva
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Sostrata	pusilla
Manu cloudforest 2600m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Steremnia	monachella
Manu cloudforest 2800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Steremnia	umbracina
Manu cloudforest 2800m	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Steroma	bega
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Synargis	orestessa
Puerto Maldonado	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Syrmatia	lamia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrrhopyginae	Tarsoctenus	papias
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Taygetis	angulosa
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Taygetis	echo
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Taygetis	mermeria
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Taygetis	nr leuctra
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Taygetis	sylvia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Taygetis	virgilia
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Satyrinae	Taygetomorpha	puritana
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Telemiades	delalande
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Biblidinae	Temenis	laothoe
Manu cloudforest 1400m	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Theagenes	albiplaga
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Theritas	danaus
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Lycaenidae	Theclinae	Thestius	selina
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Thyridia	psidii
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Tigridia	acesta
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Tithorea	harmonia
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Nymphalidae	Ithomiinae	Tithorea	harmonia
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Pyrginae	Urbanus	doryssus
Manu cloudforest 1800m	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Vacerra	hermesia
Manu cloudforest 1500m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Vanessa	altissima
Manu cloudforest 2900m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Vanessa	altissima
Manu cloudforest 2000m	Nymphalidae	Nymphalinae	Vanessa	braziliensis
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Vehilius	stictomenes
Madre de Dios, Oropendola	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Vettius	lafrenaye
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Hesperiidae	Hesperiinae	Vettius	marcus
Manu, Pantiacolla lodge	Riodinidae	Riodininae	Xenandra	poliotactis

Key Locations visited:

Huacarpay Lakes: Altitude 3000m, near Cusco
Huancarani: Altitude 3780m, on the first part of the Manu Road
Ajanacu (Tres Cruces): Altitude 3370m, at the ecotone of dry grasslands with shrub and cloud forest
Pillahuata: Altitude 2800 – 2200m (Wayqecha, tunnels, alder woodlands on upper Manu road)
Rocotal: Altitude 2060 – 1900m, upper Manu road
Cock-of-the-Rock Lodge: Altitude 1370m (San Pedro)
Manu Paradise Lodge: Altitude 1370m (San Pedro)
Pantiacolla Lodge: Located on the Alto Madre de Dios River; Altitude 470-520m
Oropendola Lodge: Located on the Madre de Dios River, about 400-430m
Puerto Maldonado relict forest: Near town at about 200m

Species List

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